MUSE2

Overview

⚠️ Please note that MUSE2 currently only works with simple models and is not yet suitable for use in research. ⚠️

MUSE2 (ModUlar energy systems Simulation Environment) is a tool for running simulations of energy systems, written in Rust. Its purpose is to provide users with a framework to simulate pathways of energy system transition, usually in the context of climate change mitigation.

It is the successor to MUSE, which is written in Python. It was developed following re-design of MUSE to address a range of legacy issues that are challenging to address via upgrades to the existing MUSE framework, and to implement the framework in the high-performance Rust language.

Getting started

For information on getting started with MUSE2, please consult the documentation.

Description of model

MUSE is an Integrated Assessment Modelling framework that is designed to enable users to create and apply an agent-based model to simulate a market equilibrium on a set of user-defined commodities, over a user-defined time period, for a user-specified region or set of regions. MUSE was developed to simulate approaches to climate change mitigation over a long time horizon (e.g. 5-year steps to 2050 or 2100), but the framework is generalised and can therefore simulate any market equilibrium.

It is a recursive dynamic modelling framework in the sense that it iterates on a single time period to find a market equilibrium, and then moves to the next time period. Agents in MUSE have limited foresight, reacting only to information available in the current time period. This is distinct from intertemporal optimisation modelling frameworks (such as TIMES and MESSAGEix) which have perfect foresight over the whole modelled time horizon.

Citing this repository

If you use MUSE2 in your work, please cite us. For information on how to cite this repository, see the Zenodo page for the latest release.

Contributors ✨

Thanks goes to these wonderful people (emoji key):

Alex Dewar 💻	Tom Bland 💻	Sahil Raja 💻	Ashmit Sikdar 💻	Diego Alonso Álvarez 💻	Adrian D'Alessandro 💻	Ryan Smith 💻
Benjamin Scharpf 💻	Adam Hawkes 🤔 📖	Aurash Karimi 💻
Add your contributions

This project follows the all-contributors specification. Contributions of any kind welcome!

Copyright

Copyright © 2026 Imperial College London